Unacceptable disease bias Lower rates of reporting of certain “unacceptable” diseases compared with other health conditions. Read More
Unmasking (detection signal) bias An innocent exposure that, rather than causing a disease, causes a sign or symptom that precipitates a search for the disease. Read More
Verification bias when only a proportion of the study group receives confirmation of the diagnosis by the reference standard, or if some patients receive a different reference standard at the time of diagnosis. Read More
Volunteer bias Participants volunteering to take part in a study intrinsically have different characteristics from the general population of interest. Read More
Wrong sample size bias When the wrong sample size is used in a study: small sample sizes often lead to chance findings, while large sample sizes are often statistically significant but not clinically relevant. Read More
