Insensitive measure bias The use of an insufficiently accurate method to detect the outcome of interest, such that clinically important differences are not detected. Read More
Lack of blinding The lack of concealment of an intervention or control treatment received by participants in a clinical trial. Read More
Lead time bias A distortion overestimating the apparent time surviving with a disease caused by bringing forward the time of its diagnosis Read More
Length time bias A distortion leading to an apparent survival benefit in screen-detected cases due to the preferential detection of slower-progressing diseases. Read More
Mimicry bias An innocent exposure may become suspicious if, rather than causing disease, it causes a benign disorder which resembles the disease. Read More
Misclassification bias Occurs when a study participant is categorised into an incorrect category altering the observed association or research outcome of interest. Read More
Non-contemporaneous control bias Differences in the timing of selection of case and controls within in a study influence exposures and outcomes resulting in biased estimates. Read More
Non-response bias A bias that occurs due to systematic differences between responders and non-responders Read More
Observer bias The process of observing and recording information which includes systematic discrepancies from the truth. Read More
One-sided reference bias When authors restrict their references to only those works that support their position. Read More
Outcome reporting bias The selective reporting of pre-specified outcomes in published clinical trials. Read More
Partial reference bias When only a proportion of the study group receive both the index and reference standard test when investigating for diagnostic accuracy. Read More
Perception bias The tendency to be subjective about people and events, causing biased information to be collected in a study or biased interpretation of a study’s results. Read More
